Archive for May, 2022

Change Solaris Zones Configurations Online

May 29th, 2022, posted in Solaris
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I assume you are aware that Solaris Zones are one of the most valuable features of Solaris since years. In this post I focus on the “Live Zone Reconfiguration” feature available since
Solaris 11.2 for Solaris Zones and since Solaris 11.3 for Kernel Zones. CPU pools, filesystems, network and disk configurations can be changed while Solaris Zones are running.

1. Limit CPU usage of a Solaris Zone using dedicated-cpu

By default Solaris Zones share the CPUs with the global and all other local Zones.
Our sample Zone currently uses 16 virtual CPUs.

# zlogin v0131 psrinfo | wc -l
16

 

We can now assign 4 dedicated virtual CPUs to be used by this Zone only.
# zonecfg -z v0131 -r "add dedicated-cpu; set ncpus=4; end"

zone 'v0131': Checking: Adding dedicated-cpu

zone 'v0131': Applying the changes

# zlogin v0131 psrinfo | wc -l
4

 

The “zonecfg -r” changes the configuration of the running Zone only.
Make sure to run the command once again to make the configuration persistent for the next Zone reboot.
# zonecfg -z v0131 "add dedicated-cpu; set ncpus=4; end"

 

2. Create and mount an additional ZFS filesystem
# zfs create v0131_data/myapp

# zonecfg -z v0131 -r "add fs; set type=zfs; set dir=/myapp; set special=v0131_data/myapp; end"

zone 'v0131': Checking: Mounting fs dir=/myapp

zone 'v0131': Applying the changes

# zlogin v0131 mount | grep myapp

/myapp on /myapp read/write/setuid/devices/rstchown/nonbmand/exec/xattr/atime/zone=v0131/nozonemod/sharezone=4/dev=d50045 on Fri Jun 10 11:56:19 2016

 

And make it persistent
# zonecfg -z v0131 "add fs; set type=zfs; set dir=/myapp; set special=v0131_data/myapp; end"
Adding network interfaces and disk devices are similar to the samples above.
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Oracle Multitenant (PDB Level) Initialization Parameters

May 22nd, 2022, posted in Oracle
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Oracle Multitenant (PDB Level) Initialization Parameters

I was asked what are those parameters that can be modifiable at PDB level. And my simple answer is to check v$parameters view and look for ISPDB_MODIFIABLE column have TRUE value than it is modifiable otherwise not.

I have just extract the same here, some of you might not have DBA privileges, specially developers don’t have rights to view v$ views.
SrNo. Init Parameters Description Default Value
1 _optimizer_gather_stats_on_conventional_dml optimizer online stats gathering for conventional DML TRUE
2 _optimizer_use_stats_on_conventional_dml use optimizer statistics gathered for conventional DML TRUE
3 _serial_direct_read enable direct read in serial auto
4 adg_account_info_tracking ADG user account info tracked in standby(LOCAL) or in Primary(GLOBAL) LOCAL
5 allow_rowid_column_type Allow creation of rowid column FALSE
6 approx_for_aggregation Replace exact aggregation with approximate aggregation FALSE
7 approx_for_count_distinct Replace count distinct with approx_count_distinct FALSE
8 approx_for_percentile Replace percentile_* with approx_percentile none
9 aq_tm_processes number of AQ Time Managers to start 1
10 asm_diskstring disk set locations for discovery
11 awr_pdb_autoflush_enabled Enable/Disable AWR automatic PDB flushing FALSE
12 bitmap_merge_area_size maximum memory allow for BITMAP MERGE 1048576
13 blank_trimming blank trimming semantics parameter FALSE
14 cell_offload_compaction Cell packet compaction strategy ADAPTIVE
15 cell_offload_decryption enable SQL processing offload of encrypted data to cells TRUE
16 cell_offload_parameters Additional cell offload parameters NONE
17 cell_offload_plan_display Cell offload explain plan display AUTO
18 cell_offload_processing enable SQL processing offload to cells TRUE
19 cell_offloadgroup_name Set the offload group name
20 client_result_cache_lag client result cache maximum lag in milliseconds 3000
21 client_result_cache_size client result cache max size in bytes 0
22 client_statistics_level Client Statistics Level TYPICAL
23 commit_logging transaction commit log write behaviour
24 commit_point_strength Bias this node has toward not preparing in a two-phase commit 1
25 commit_wait transaction commit log wait behaviour
26 commit_write transaction commit log write behaviour
27 common_user_prefix Enforce restriction on a prefix of a Common User/Role/Profile name NONE
28 container_data which containers should data be returned from? ALL
29 containers_parallel_degree Parallel degree for a CONTAINERS() query 65535
30 cpu_count maximum number of CPUs 0
31 cpu_min_count minimum number of CPUs required
32 create_bitmap_area_size size of create bitmap buffer for bitmap index 8388608
33 create_stored_outlines create stored outlines for DML statements
34 cursor_bind_capture_destination Allowed destination for captured bind variables memory+disk
35 cursor_invalidation default for DDL cursor invalidation semantics IMMEDIATE
36 cursor_sharing cursor sharing mode EXACT
37 db_block_checking header checking and data and index block checking FALSE
38 db_cache_size Size of DEFAULT buffer pool for standard block size buffers 0
39 db_create_file_dest default database location NONE
40 db_create_online_log_dest_1 online log/controlfile destination #1 NONE
41 db_create_online_log_dest_2 online log/controlfile destination #2 NONE
42 db_create_online_log_dest_3 online log/controlfile destination #3 NONE
43 db_create_online_log_dest_4 online log/controlfile destination #4 NONE
44 db_create_online_log_dest_5 online log/controlfile destination #5 NONE
45 db_domain directory part of global database name stored with CREATE DATABASE
46 db_file_multiblock_read_count db block to be read each IO 0
47 db_files max allowable # db files 200
48 db_index_compression_inheritance options for table or tablespace level compression inheritance NONE
49 db_performance_profile Database performance category
50 db_securefile permit securefile storage during lob creation PERMITTED
51 db_unrecoverable_scn_tracking Track nologging SCN in controlfile TRUE
52 ddl_lock_timeout timeout to restrict the time that ddls wait for dml lock 0
53 default_sharing Default sharing clause metadata
54 deferred_segment_creation defer segment creation to first insert TRUE
55 dst_upgrade_insert_conv Enables/Disables internal conversions during DST upgrade TRUE
56 enable_automatic_maintenance_pdb Enable/Disable Automated Maintenance for Non-Root PDB TRUE
57 enable_ddl_logging enable ddl logging FALSE
58 encrypt_new_tablespaces whether to encrypt newly created tablespaces CLOUD_ONLY
59 fixed_date fixed SYSDATE value NONE
60 forward_listener forward listener
61 global_names enforce that database links have same name as remote database FALSE
62 heat_map ILM Heatmap Tracking OFF
63 ignore_session_set_param_errors Ignore errors during alter session param set
64 inmemory_automatic_level Enable Automatic In-Memory management OFF
65 inmemory_clause_default Default in-memory clause for new tables NONE
66 inmemory_expressions_usage Controls which In-Memory Expressions are populated in-memory ENABLE
67 inmemory_force Force tables to be in-memory or not DEFAULT
68 inmemory_optimized_arithmetic Controls whether or not DSBs are stored in-memory DISABLE
69 inmemory_prefer_xmem_memcompress Prefer to store tables with given memcompress levels in xmem NONE
70 inmemory_prefer_xmem_priority Prefer to store tables with given priority levels in xmem NONE
71 inmemory_query Specifies whether in-memory queries are allowed ENABLE
72 inmemory_size size in bytes of in-memory area 0
73 inmemory_virtual_columns Controls which user-defined virtual columns are stored in-memory MANUAL
74 inmemory_xmem_size size in bytes of in-memory xmem area 0
75 java_jit_enabled Java VM JIT enabled TRUE
76 job_queue_processes maximum number of job queue slave processes 4000
77 ldap_directory_access RDBMS’s LDAP access option NONE
78 ldap_directory_sysauth OID usage parameter no
79 listener_networks listener registration networks
80 lob_signature_enable enable lob signature FALSE
81 local_listener local listener
82 log_archive_min_succeed_dest minimum number of archive destinations that must succeed 1
83 long_module_action Use longer module and action TRUE
84 max_datapump_jobs_per_pdb maximum number of concurrent Data Pump Jobs per PDB 100
85 max_datapump_parallel_per_job maximum number of parallel processes per Data Pump Job 50
86 max_dump_file_size Maximum size (in bytes) of dump file unlimited
87 max_idle_blocker_time maximum idle time for a blocking session in minutes 0
88 max_idle_time maximum session idle time in minutes 0
89 max_iops MAX IO per second 0
90 max_mbps MAX MB per second 0
91 max_pdbs max number of pdbs allowed in CDB or Application ROOT 4098
92 max_string_size controls maximum size of VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, and RAW types in SQL STANDARD
93 multishard_query_data_consistency consistency setting for multishard queries strong
94 multishard_query_partial_results enable partial results for multishard queries not allowed
95 nls_calendar NLS calendar system name NONE
96 nls_comp NLS comparison BINARY
97 nls_currency NLS local currency symbol NONE
98 nls_date_format NLS Oracle date format NONE
99 nls_date_language NLS date language name NONE
100 nls_dual_currency Dual currency symbol NONE
101 nls_iso_currency NLS ISO currency territory name NONE
102 nls_language NLS language name AMERICAN
103 nls_length_semantics create columns using byte or char semantics by default BYTE
104 nls_nchar_conv_excp NLS raise an exception instead of allowing implicit conversion FALSE
105 nls_numeric_characters NLS numeric characters NONE
106 nls_sort NLS linguistic definition name NONE
107 nls_territory NLS territory name AMERICA
108 nls_time_format time format NONE
109 nls_time_tz_format time with timezone format NONE
110 nls_timestamp_format time stamp format NONE
111 nls_timestamp_tz_format timestamp with timezone format NONE
112 object_cache_max_size_percent percentage of maximum size over optimal of the user session’s object cache 10
113 object_cache_optimal_size optimal size of the user session’s object cache in bytes 10240000
114 olap_page_pool_size size of the olap page pool in bytes 0
115 open_cursors max # cursors per session 50
116 open_links max # open links per session 4
117 optimizer_adaptive_plans controls all types of adaptive plans TRUE
118 optimizer_adaptive_reporting_only use reporting-only mode for adaptive optimizations FALSE
119 optimizer_adaptive_statistics controls all types of adaptive statistics FALSE
120 optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines automatic capture of SQL plan baselines for repeatable statements FALSE
121 optimizer_dynamic_sampling optimizer dynamic sampling 2
122 optimizer_features_enable optimizer plan compatibility parameter 19.1.0
123 optimizer_ignore_hints enables the embedded hints to be ignored FALSE
124 optimizer_ignore_parallel_hints enables embedded parallel hints to be ignored FALSE
125 optimizer_index_caching optimizer percent index caching 0
126 optimizer_index_cost_adj optimizer index cost adjustment 100
127 optimizer_inmemory_aware optimizer in-memory columnar awareness TRUE
128 optimizer_mode optimizer mode all_rows
129 optimizer_secure_view_merging optimizer secure view merging and predicate pushdown/movearound TRUE
130 optimizer_use_invisible_indexes Usage of invisible indexes (TRUE/FALSE) FALSE
131 optimizer_use_pending_statistics Control whether to use optimizer pending statistics FALSE
132 optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines use of SQL plan baselines for captured sql statements TRUE
133 parallel_degree_limit limit placed on degree of parallelism CPU
134 parallel_degree_policy policy used to compute the degree of parallelism (MANUAL/LIMITED/AUTO/ADAPTIVE) MANUAL
135 parallel_force_local force single instance execution FALSE
136 parallel_instance_group instance group to use for all parallel operations NONE
137 parallel_max_servers maximum parallel query servers per instance
138 parallel_min_degree controls the minimum DOP computed by Auto DOP 1
139 parallel_min_time_threshold threshold above which a plan is a candidate for parallelization (in seconds) AUTO
140 parallel_servers_target instance target in terms of number of parallel servers 0
141 pdb_file_name_convert PDB file name convert patterns and strings for create cdb/pdb
142 pdb_lockdown pluggable database lockdown profile
143 pdb_os_credential pluggable database OS credential to bind
144 pdb_template PDB template
145 pga_aggregate_limit limit of aggregate PGA memory for the instance or PDB 0
146 pga_aggregate_target Target size for the aggregate PGA memory consumed by the instance 0
147 plscope_settings plscope_settings controls the compile time collection, cross reference, and stor age of PL/SQL source code identifier and SQL statement data IDENTIFIERS:NONE
148 plsql_ccflags PL/SQL ccflags NONE
149 plsql_code_type PL/SQL code-type INTERPRETED
150 plsql_debug PL/SQL debug FALSE
151 plsql_optimize_level PL/SQL optimize level 2
152 plsql_v2_compatibility PL/SQL version 2.x compatibility flag FALSE
153 plsql_warnings PL/SQL compiler warnings settings NONE
154 private_temp_table_prefix Private temporary table prefix ORA$PTT_
155 query_rewrite_enabled allow rewrite of queries using materialized views if enabled TRUE
156 query_rewrite_integrity perform rewrite using materialized views with desired integrity enforced
157 recyclebin recyclebin processing on
158 remote_dependencies_mode remote-procedure-call dependencies mode parameter timestamp
159 remote_listener remote listener
160 remote_recovery_file_dest default remote database recovery file location for refresh/relocate NONE
161 resource_limit master switch for resource limit TRUE
162 resource_manager_plan resource mgr top plan
163 result_cache_max_result maximum result size as percent of cache size 5
164 result_cache_max_size maximum amount of memory to be used by the cache 1
165 result_cache_mode result cache operator usage mode MANUAL
166 result_cache_remote_expiration maximum life time (min) for any result using a remote object 0
167 resumable_timeout set resumable_timeout 0
168 rollback_segments undo segment list
169 scheduler_follow_pdbtz Make scheduler objects follow PDB TZ FALSE
170 session_cached_cursors Number of cursors to cache in a session. 50
171 sessions user and system sessions
172 sga_min_size Minimum, guaranteed size of PDB’s SGA 0
173 sga_target Target size of SGA 0
174 shadow_core_dump Core Size for Shadow Processes partial
175 shared_pool_size size in bytes of shared pool 134217728
176 shared_servers number of shared servers to start up 4294967294
177 shrd_dupl_table_refresh_rate duplicated table refresh rate (in seconds) 60
178 skip_unusable_indexes skip unusable indexes if set to TRUE TRUE
179 smtp_out_server utl_smtp server and port configuration parameter
180 sort_area_retained_size size of in-memory sort work area retained between fetch calls 0
181 sort_area_size size of in-memory sort work area 65536
182 spatial_vector_acceleration enable spatial vector acceleration FALSE
183 sql_trace enable SQL trace FALSE
184 sql92_security require select privilege for searched update/delete TRUE
185 sqltune_category Category qualifier for applying hintsets DEFAULT
186 star_transformation_enabled enable the use of star transformation FALSE
187 statistics_level statistics level TYPICAL
188 tde_configuration Per-PDB configuration for Transparent Data Encryption NONE
189 temp_undo_enabled is temporary undo enabled FALSE
190 timed_os_statistics internal os statistic gathering interval in seconds 0
191 timed_statistics maintain internal timing statistics FALSE
192 undo_management instance runs in SMU mode if TRUE, else in RBU mode AUTO
193 undo_retention undo retention in seconds 900
194 undo_tablespace use/switch undo tablespace NONE
195 unified_audit_systemlog Syslog facility and level for Unified Audit
196 workarea_size_policy policy used to size SQL working areas (MANUAL/AUTO) AUTO
197 xml_db_events are XML DB events enabled enable

I hope, above will help you to understand what you can change at PDB level..

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Last Command Examples For Linux And Unix

May 8th, 2022, posted in Solaris
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How to find out last logins of users and times informations on Linux/Unix-like operating systems ?

You need to use the last command to show who has recently used the server and logged in and out date/time.

 

The last command reads listing of last logged in users from the system file called /var/log/wtmp or the file designated by the -f options.

Purpose

To find out when a particular user last logged in to the Linux or Unix server.

Syntax

The basic syntax is:

last
last [userNameHere] last [tty] last [options] [userNameHere]

If no options provided last command displays a list of all users logged in (and out) since /var/log/wtmp file was created. You can filter out results by supplying names of users and tty’s to show only those entries matching the username/tty.

last command examples

To find out who has recently logged in and out on your server, type:
$ last
Sample outputs:

root     pts/1        10.1.6.120       Tue Jan 28 05:59   still logged in   
root     pts/0        10.1.6.120       Tue Jan 28 04:08   still logged in   
root     pts/0        10.1.6.120       Sat Jan 25 06:33 - 08:55  (02:22)    
root     pts/1        10.1.6.120       Thu Jan 23 14:47 - 14:51  (00:03)    
root     pts/0        10.1.6.120       Thu Jan 23 13:02 - 14:51  (01:48)    
root     pts/0        10.1.6.120       Tue Jan  7 12:02 - 12:38  (00:35)    
 
wtmp begins Tue Jan  7 12:02:54 2014

You can specifies a file to search other than /var/log/wtmp using -f option. For example, search /nas/server/webserver/.log/wtmp:
$ last -f /nas/server/webserver/.log/wtmp
last -f /nas/server/webserver/.log/wtmp userNameHere

List all users last logged in/out time

last command searches back through the file /var/log/wtmp file and the output may go back to several months. Just use the less command or more command as follows to display output one screen at a time:
$ last | more
last | less

List a particular user last logged in

To find out when user vivek last logged in, type:
$ last vivek
$ last vivek | less
$ last vivek | grep 'Thu Jan 23'


Sample outputs:

Fig. 01 Displaying out when user vivek last logged in on server

Fig. 01 Displaying out when user vivek last logged in on server

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